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Mercantilists predicate the prosperity of a nation on mines, and deposits of silver and gold that the country has instead of the power of production.
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Adam Smith (1723-1790), Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Max Weber (1864-1920), deeply influenced the development of economic sociology. Adam Smith, one of the founders of the discipline of economics, is an economics sociologist as well as an economist because he explained the economical structures by incorporating social relations. Karl Marx, who played a major role in economics history and history of sociology, analyses society with an economy-politics perspective. Sociologist Max Weber explains the economic attitude and behaviours associated with cultural structures.
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According to Adam Smith, a nation’s prosperity depends on production power and the power relations in the development of work sharing.
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According to Marx, the mode of production that builds the infrastructure of the society comprises productive forces and production relations. Political, legal, ideological, religious, and cultural structures constitute the superstructure of the society.
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Social stratification is a hierarchical classification of people based on some inequalities like income, sickness, power, prestige, status, age, gender, race, ethnicity and class. According to another definition, social stratum is “a human group who share similar advantages and disadvantages’’
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Social Inequality means that individuals do not have equal status in the society. It includes the inequalities on property rights, freedom of expression and collecting, health and education, and access to goods and services.
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Economic inequalities is decomposition of people’s social positions depending on the materials resources like wealth, income, wage and salary.
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Asset refers to a property, which can be translated to a form of money in the consequence of sales and provides profit and utility to its owner.
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Ascribed Status expresses a social position of a person gained without personal effort, achieved by birth, and generally does not change. Person’s age, gender, race, ethnic origin, homeland, parents’ homelands, birthplace are given social position or status which are achieved ascriptively.
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Achieved Status is a social position that a person achieves by his/her own effort, ability, skill and success. A person’s status is not always ascribed to him/her completely, and most of this status is achieved by the individual’s own effort, endeavor, and success. Education and equal opportunities are important factors for individuals to gain a distinct status. A person’s knowledge, ability and talent affect his/her upward mobility in his/her job to have a successful career.
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In the caste system, distinctions and inequalities are created by some characteristics like religion, lineage, ethnic connection, or race, which an individual gets by birth and believed not to change.
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Fundamental differences between social class, slavery, caste and property ownership systems are: • Social class inequalities depend on economic reasons like job, poverty, prosperity and income. Inequality thrived with the belief system of religion, law, pressure and oppression. • Social classes are not clearly and obviously distinct from each other. Distinctions between classes are uncertain and vague. • Social classes are not supported by legal inequalities. Everybody has equal rights before the law. Upper classes do not have legal authority on the lower classes. • Religious and legal restrictions or limitations are not imposed for marriages between people from different social classes. Actually, most people get married to people from similar class positions. • Modern societies are open systems. There are no religious or legal restrictions for individuals or groups that may affect moving from a class to another. Social mobility between classes is possible. Individuals’ positions in social classes do not depend on inborn and ascribed (obtained) conditions. Qualities like knowledge or skill, which are earned by education, affect social class positions. At the same time, a child’s familial social position affects her/ his life and position of class in the modern society as well
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According to Marx, capitalist society is a system which is built on economical inequalities. Class positions of people are determined according to whether they own means of production. Two main classes as capitalists (bourgeois) and working class (proletariat) create the capitalist society.
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According to Weber, factors that determine people’s positions of classes are people’s knowledge, skills and qualifications in the production process. Three overlapping elements of the stratification system in the modern society are class, status, and party.
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Poverty is an unwelcome and unaccepted inequality type of the modern society in which productivity increases, transformations of products and services on quantity and quality are provided, and financial prosperity and progress develop quickly. The concept of absolute poverty only considers the basic physical needs, but relative poverty considers the social needs as well, and poverty is evaluated by referring to the living standards of the society.
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Among the personal reasons are personal traits, attitude and behaviours like an individual’s ability, responsibility, sense of discipline, and degree of frustration. In this approach, the reasons of poverty is sought in the individuals and it is presumed that he/she does not make an effort and does not attempt to get rid of poverty.
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Structural approach explains poverty within the frame of society’s economic-political structure. According to this approach, among the factors that affect poverty are: lack of economical growth, conflict on income distribution, features of labour markets, informal employment, low wages, insufficient employment opportunities, unorganized labour, unemployment, economic crises, shrinkage of public expenditures, short-course shocks, population pressure, migration, features of settlements, family structure, education, race, ethnic origin, and discriminations based on gender.
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Politics, etymologically origins from Ancient Greek “politika” and “police” as city, urban meaning “urban politics” meaning “state affairs”. In today’s meaning, politics can be described as governance of a country, state, and people.
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In functionalist approach, society is evaluated in terms of basic needs. The state has emerged as a necessity within the society. These needs are: 1. Maintaining order 2. Relations with other states/governments 3. Directing the system
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Political sociology is the “study of power and the intersection of society and politics”. Unlike political science, political sociology is a sociological branch “which is concerned with the social causes and consequences of given power distributions within or between societies, and with the social and political conflicts that lead to changes in the allocation of power”. In other words, it is a sub-discipline that analyses “political authority’s institutional regulations, of functions of political authority and transformation of political system”.
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It can be differentiated as follows: While political science is concerned with how public administration and administrative organizations will work efficiently, political sociology is concerned with oppression and constraining elements of bureaucracy. As a result, political sociology is interested in interrelations with individuals, society and institutions in general and social conditions of politics, how politics is being affected by social life, relations with other social institutions and etc.
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Democracy is generally seen as the political system, which is most able to ensure political equality, protect liberty and freedom, defend the common interest, meet citizens’ needs, promote moral self-development and enable effective decision-making, which takes everyone’s interests into account.
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Social democracy can be defined as a hybrid political tradition that is inspired by socialist ideals and an existing political atmosphere and determined by liberal values.
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Pluralist perspective to politics in society is “closely linked to structural-functionalist theory” and it is “an analysis of politics that sees power as spread among many competing interest groups” Pluralist approach, claims to explain the power and distribution of power in Western democratic societies. There are two versions of pluralism, which are classical pluralism and elite pluralist approach.
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Weber defined the state as “a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory” There are different types of states: 1. Authoritarian state: It can be defined as the government of a powerful figure or a group. 2. Totalitarian state: In totalitarian states, all institutions are totally controlled. This type of the state is deprived of legitimization. In order to control society as a whole, any kind of violence and fear can be used.
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