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A model is a device that enables computers to exchange information and communicate using telephone lines (p:52, Figure 2.10).
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A firewall is a software utility or hardware device that acts as a filter for data entering or leaving a network or computer. It monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic and decides whether to allow or block specific traffic based on a predefined set of security rules.
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The Internet is the network of networks that connects millions of computers and people around the world. The participants of this huge network communicate with each other by using a set of protocols and standards. The Internet is a network of networks, defined by the TPC/IP standards.
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A protocol defines rules and conventions between two or more devices over a network. The Internet uses TCP/IP to link billions of devices.
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The World Wide Web (WWW) is the most commonly used and fastest growing application of the Internet.
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The main components of this famous application are described below: • Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the language that describes and defines the content of a web page. • Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol that contains the rules for transferring text, image, sound, and other multimedia. • Web servers are the computers that host web pages on the Internet. • Web browser are the client programs that allow us to access and explore web pages.
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The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the Web.
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In computer networks, the connections among the communicating devices are established using transmission media which is the pathway that carries information from sender to receiver.
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Transmission media is classified into two groups as guided media and unguided media: 1. Guided Media • Twisted pair (shielded twisted pair, unshielded twisted pair) • Coaxial cable • Optical fiber 2. Unguided Media • Radio wave • Microwave
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Guided media is the type of transmission media that is physically tangible. The signals propagate over a solid substance. Three types of guided media are twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, and fiber optic cables.
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These cables are the most commonly used transmission media due to easy installation and low costs. However, they have high error rates and they are limited in bandwidth. Twisted pairs can be either shielded or unshielded (p:53, Figure 2.12).
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These cables contain two parallel conductors and they can be used over long distances. However, they are more expensive than twisted pair cables (p:53, Figure 2.13).
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Having a core made of high-quality glass or plastic, optical fibers provide an efficient way of transmission with high speed. Furthermore, the optical fibers have unidirectional and bidirectional capabilities. However, they are expensive and they have difficulties in installation and maintenance (p:54, Figure 2.14).
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Unguided media is the type of transmission media that sends the data through the air. Two types of unguided media are radio waves and microwaves.
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In this media type, the information is carried by modulating electromagnetic waves through space. Due to the large wavelengths, radio waves can penetrate through obstacles like walls and buildings.
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Although radio waves and microwaves are quite similar, microwaves cannot penetrate through obstacles due to having smaller wavelengths.
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One way of classifying the computer networks is using their geographical scale. Ranging from smallest to largest, computer networks are classified into four groups as personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks.
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A personal area network (PAN) connects electronic devices such as laptops, smart phones, and tablets around a person. The idea of building a PAN is to allow data transmission between nearby devices without moving the data to an external network. By this way, the devices around a person can communicate much faster. When the connections in a PAN are wireless, the network is called wireless personal area network (WPAN).
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A local area network (LAN) interconnects communication devices within a small geographical area such as an office, home, building, or factory. The main purpose of building a LAN is to provide an environment for workstations and personal computers to exchange information and share resources (e.g., network storage, printers, and applications).
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A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that usually covers a campus or a city. A typical example of a MAN is the cable television network of a city.
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A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that connects multiple LANs that are located in different geographical regions. Typically, WANs are built by using leased telecommunication circuits. WANs are very popular and widely used networks as they provide a convenient way to share, exchange, and manage data among organizations and individuals. By connecting different LANs together, computers in one location can communicate with the other computers at other sites.
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Network topology is a schematic description that shows the arrangement of the elements in the network. The most commonly used topologies are bus, star, ring, mesh, and tree topologies.
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The devices in this topology share a single communication line named bus. A device sends a message by broadcasting it to the bus, and the intended receiver accepts the message and processes it. Since the network performance decreases under massive traffic, bus topology is suitable for small networks (p:55, Figure 2.15).
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In this topology, all the devices connect to a central device, which is usually a network hub. Since each device has its connection to the hub, the failure of one device does not affect the functionality of the others (p:55, Figure 2.16).
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In this topology, all the devices are connected in a closed loop that forms a ring. Data transmission occurs around this ring, allowing the intended devices to read the data. Ring topology is easy to install and expand, but a failure in a single device disturbs the whole network (p:55, Figure 2.17).
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