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In the Cold War era, security-oriented approach to government-based military power was effectively used by IR scholars, especially by the Realist school (Buzan, 2008: 553-560).
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These conflicts over resources and the implausible use of resources are the leading causes of increasing security risks and threats in recent years in the political, economic, geographic and environmental dimensions that cross borders.
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These conflicts over resources and the implausible use of resources are the leading causes of increasing security risks and threats in recent years in the political, economic, geographic and environmental dimensions that cross borders. Risks and threats arising within the scope of these dimensions can be listed as follows; global economic and political crises, environmental disasters, terrorism, organized crime, regional conflicts, hunger, poverty, refugee problem etc. (Renner, 2006: 11).
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Incidents of insecurity include the exposure to violence, deprivation, and poverty. The possibility of insecurity raises the risks, and risks in turn create anxiety and fear.
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Security, which is derived from the Latin word se-curus, is a state of lack of anxiety, risk, or concern.
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Economic, social, environmental risks and threats are second-order policy issues.
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This brings us to the discussion of the concept of security dilemma. This concept refers to the situation where one nation’s efforts to enhance its security creates security concerns for another nation with any prior intention.
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Competition on resources brings with it some risks and threats such as terrorism, organized crime, migration, and refugee problem (Ullman, 1983: 133-140, 141).
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Developments in the way of economic production made the Industrial Revolution a reality at the beginning of the 19th century. Coal was the main source of energy in the process leading up to the Industrial Revolution.
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Energy security can be further studied from three perspectives: the security of the energy supply, the energy demand security, and the energy transfer safety. The security of the energy supply refers to the reasonable supply of the energy resources to countries until these resources are exhausted. The energy demand security ensures that energy-suppliers sell their resources at the highest price possible in the most suitable markets. The energy transfer safety involves the majority of the risks and threats associated with the energy security today.
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The G-7’s major role is to discuss and resolve global problems. The seven nations represent approximately 50 percent of the global economy. The G-7 has been particularly vocal about the need to prevent the overall global economy from entering a recession.
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The World Energy Council’s definition of energy sustainability is based on three core dimensions: energy security, energy equity, and environmental sustainability.
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Specific goals of the Community include: • creating an integrated energy market allowing for cross-border energy trade and integration with the EU market; • enhancing the security of supply to ensure stable and continuous energy supply that is essential for economic development and social stability; • improving the environmental situation in relation with energy supply in the region and foster the use of renewable energy and energy efficiency” (Energy Community, 2017).
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The history of the IEA began with the 1973-1974 Middle East War crisis and its immediate aftermath.
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NATO’s role in energy security was first defined in 2008 at the Bucharest Summit, and since then this role has been strengthened.
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UN-Energy is the United Nations’ mechanism for inter-agency collaboration in the field of energy. UN-Energy was established in 2004 to “help ensure coherence in the UN system’s multidisciplinary response to the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), and to ensure the effective engagement of non-UN stakeholders in implementing WSSD energyrelated decisions” (www.unsystem.org). The main mission of UN-Energy is “to be the primary agent within the UN for promoting system-wide collaboration in the area of energy, since there is no single entity in the United Nations system that has dedicated responsibility for energy.”
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IAEA is “the world’s central intergovernmental forum for scientific and technical co-operation in the nuclear field. It works for the safe, secure and peaceful uses of nuclear science and technology, contributing to international peace and security and the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals”.
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UNECE was set up in 1947 by ECOSOC. UNECE is “one of five regional commissions of the United Nations.
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The Energy Community is an “international organization which brings together the European Union and its neighbors to create an integrated pan-European energy market. The key objective of the Energy Community is to extend the EU internal energy market rules and principles to countries in South East Europe, the Black Sea region and beyond on the basis of a legally binding framework.
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OPEC is a permanent intergovernmental organization that was formed at the Baghdad Conference, held on September 10-14, 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
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Freedom from fear, Freedom from want, Freedom to live in dignity.
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The concept of human security was first used in the 1994.
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The United Nations Development Program works in about 170 countries.
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The main three areas of UNDP are sustainable development, democratic governance and peace building and climate and disaster resilience.
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The different conceptions of human security are classified under three distinct groups: the natural rights-rule of law, the humanitarian view, the broader view (Hampson, 2008:231).
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