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There are various ideological approaches to human rights, including the Natural Law Theory, Positivism, the Marxist Approach, the Sociological approach, and the Modern approach.
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The chief exponent of this theory was John Locke. Natural rights theory emphasizes the moral worth of the individual. Accordingly, the individual possesses basic human rights and everyone is inherently entitled to these rights as a human being, independent of whether or not these rights are recognized by the ruler.
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Under the positivist theory, the source of human rights is to be found only in the enactments of law with sanctions attached to it. Jeremy Bentham and John Austin were its chief proponents. They considered the natural law to be vague and meaningless. They believed in freedom and equality; however, they did not base these values on natural law.
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While the focal point of Marxism is to recognize the contextuality of human rights in terms of the conditions of a society, conceiving human rights chiefly in a materialistic frame has been one of its significant weaknesses.
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The sociological approach identifies the empirical components of a human rights system in the context of the social process. Its primary contribution has been its emphasis on obtaining a just equilibrium of interests among prevailing moral sentiments and the social and economic conditions of time and place.
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The modern human rights approach is the sum total of the above approaches. Group rights are deemed to be important, particularly as emphasized by the developing world. The African Charter on Human Rights and Peoples’ Rights is an example in point. However, all the right oriented scholars agree that the minimum absolute or core postulates of any just system of rights must include some recognition of the value of individual freedom or individual autonomy.
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• “Everyone has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development of his personality is possible. • In the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be subject only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedoms of others and of meeting the just requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society. • These rights and freedoms may in no case be exercised contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.”
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The International Labour Office is the permanent secretariat of the International Labour Organization. It is the focal point for International Labour Organization’s overall activities, which it prepares under the scrutiny of the Governing Body and under the leadership of the Director General.
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1- Right to developmen 2- Right to healthy human environment 3- Right to peace 4- Right of territorial integrity
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The Commission on Human Rights.
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1- The protection of life and liberty 2- Free exercise of religion 3- Equality before the law 4- Freedom of organization for religious and educational purposes.
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